The Non-governmental Organization “Human Rights Organization “Common Goal” considers SOCIAL EXCLUSION to be one of the most burning and potentially dangerous problems of the contemporary Ukrainian society.

We can currently state that there is no government research carried out to estimate the level of social exclusion in Ukraine. There is neither methodology and criteria of estimating the level of social exclusion nor a coordinated government policy aimed at fighting this negative, socially dangerous phenomenon.

Public sociological surveys carried out by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, the most recent of which unfortunately date back to 2004, indicate that during the years 1992-2004 there has been an increase in number of the population that lost vitally important social contacts with surrounding people and felt alienation from the rest of the society (the situation of social exclusion). For example, when asked “When you were in trouble and somebody could help you, how often did you actually receive help from others?” 5.1% of urban adult population responded “Never” in 1992, 14.2 % - in 2003; while among the rural population the rate was 20.5%. Thus, KIIS staff concluded that the average interpersonal social exclusion in total constituted over 16%.

Along with this, statistic information on the increase of the population who do not wish to take part in the political life of the society, elections, and social events, indicate the obvious further increase of the level of social exclusion.

However, the problem of social exclusion is not only typical of Ukraine but of the whole European society. That is why while ratifying the European Social Charter, EU member-states included the Article 30 aimed at preventing and fighting this negative social phenomenon.

The Article 30 of the European Social Charter (ratified in Ukraine by the Act №137-V dated 14.09.2006) stipulates:

Analysis and Remarks Regarding Ukraine’s Fulfillment of the Article 30 of the European Social Charter (revised)

With the aim of providing effective realization of the right to protection from poverty and social exclusion, the parties undertake the following steps:

a) within the framework of coordinated approach to take actions in order to provide effective accessAnalysis and Remarks Regarding Ukraine’s Fulfillment of the Article 30 of the European Social Charter (revised) to work, housing, professional training, education, culture, social and medical support to persons who live in or can experience the situation of SOCIAL EXCLUSION or poverty as well as members of their families;

b) to revise these actions with the aim of their correction in case of necessity.

It is specified in the Comments of the European Committee in Social Rights that in order to fulfill conditions set forth in the Article 30 of the European Social Charter state parties should take necessary steps to “help persons who live or are at risk of living in the situation of social exclusion, as well as their families, to overcome difficulties and provide access to fundamental social rights as work, housing, training, education, culture, social and medical support.”

These steps should open access to social rights, procedures for providing payments and services, information on social rights and payments, and help to overcome psychological and sociocultural barriers for enjoying these rights.”

The government should provide adequate financing for realization of these rights. In this regard, “social partners and public organizations should take part in formulating, estimating and organizing necessary activities.”

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (dated 1996) which became the basis for drafting of the European Social Charter also guarantees fundamental social rights.

According to the UNESCO definition, social alienation, which is also social exclusion, is the situation in which individuals and groups do not have the possibility to enjoy social rights granted to them by international, national and local legislation. Social exclusion is closely linked to the problems of poverty and providing minimum standards of life.

In general terms social exclusion is conceptualized as lack of participation in basic aspects of social life. According to the definition by Kiev International Institute of Sociology, social exclusion is a state of loss of socially important contacts with surrounding people.

 

1. Right to Work (Employment)

 

Right to work is one of the main personal and social rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and international treaties.

Right to work provides possibility for every person to earn one’s living with one’s own work, which he freely chooses or agrees to do (the Article 43 of the Constitution of Ukraine).

Besides, the Constitution provides several additional guarantees, closely connected with individual right to work (Articles 43, 45 and 46):

1. Right to equal opportunity in choosing profession or job;

2. Right to take part in professional educational programs and trainings;

3. Right to adequate, safe and healthy work conditions;

4. Prohibition of using labor of women and under age children in the conditions which are dangerous for their health;

5. Right to rest, which provides legally- guaranteed days of weekly rest, rest on holidays, paid yearly holidays that cannot be shorter than a minimum period, shortened working day for specific jobs, as well as a shortened duration of working time for night jobs;

6. Right to regularly receiving wages amounting to no less than the one established by law;

7. Right to protection from illegal dismissing;

8. Right to social protection in case of full, partial or temporary loss of the ability to work, unemployment due to circumstances not dependent upon the individual and in other cases stipulated by law, under condition that amount of social unemployment compensation shall not be less than legally-established cost of living allowance.

The data from central and local executive authorities, monitorings and reports by mass media give us grounds to state that right to work in Ukraine is not fully complied with and access to this right is not provided by the government.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (the Article 23) declares that everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity. UnfortunaAnalysis and Remarks Regarding Ukraine’s Fulfillment of the Article 30 of the European Social Charter (revised)tely, Ukraine has not managed to comply with this universal human and constitutional guarantee and minimum wages level still remains much lower than cost of living.

Despite improvement of the situation with employment and decrease in arrears of wages, the state of compliance with the right of individuals to work still remains unsatisfactory.

Under the conditions of market economy the government should necessarily provide more active means of protection of its citizens from unemployment.

In 2006 during sociological research carried out by Olexander Razumkov, the Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies, 78.5 % of Ukrainians gave a negative response to the question: “Is your constitutional right to work fulfilled?”

According to the results of sociological monitoring of the Ukrainian society carried out by local statistics bodies responsible to the Ukrainian State Committee of Statistics, 33% of the population answered “No” to the question whether workers are protected from unlawful dismissing at their enterprises.

In 2007, the level of unemployment among the population able to work constituted 6.9 % of economically active population of respective age.

During 2007, 2419.7 thousands people were registered at employment service. By the end of 2007, only 660.3 thousands (approximately 3% of the population able to work) of unemployed people were registered at public employment service.

In September, 2008 the level of registered unemployment constituted 513.6 thousands people.

In order to provide temporary employment and social protection of the unemployed population, paid public works were organized in order to employ 225 thousand of unemployed citizens during the first half of 2008.

The number of competitors for one working place during this year constituted 3 persons per working place.

Arrears of wages constituted 721.8 million hryvnas.

In the middle of 2008, the average wages constituted 1707 hryvnas (about 230 Euro), the minimum wages was 525 hryvnas (about 70 Euro), and the average level of unemployment support was 424.46 hryvnas (about 57 Euro), whereas starting from October 1, 2008 the minimum cost of living for persons able to work according to the Act №107-VI dated December 28, 2007 constituted 669 hryvnas (about 90 Euro). It is clear that such wages which are less than the cost of living are not enough to even partially satisfy socio-economic needs of the temporarily unemployed.

The discrepancy between demand and supply of work in professional, qualification and territorial aspects creates a high level of regional differentiation of unemployment. Thus, the level of unemployed population registered at employment service ranged from 0.1 persons in Kiev to 13 persons in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast.

Right to work of the most unprotected layers of the society raises many questions. Thus, having a high professional level, many women still cannot find a job. In September 2008, the number of women registered at the employment service was 318 thousands, while the number of men was only 195.6 thousands persons.

According to age characteristics of the unemployed, analyzed by Ukrainian State Committee of Statistics, unemployment is a burning problem for young people who are the least competitive in the job market in comparison to other age groups. The problems facing youth have become deeper, because the level of social protection of this age group decreased due to the transit to market economy.

Nowadays there are many job advertisements in mass media. Yet, these advertisements are full of conditions set by employees, the main of them being to possess not less than 3 years of professional experience (in the field of work), have a personal computer, speak a foreign language, have certain knowledge and experience, which can be gained only after paying a certain amount of money. Employees often ask for an international passport, a driver’s license and sometimes even for a personal car. These are the things young people do not generally possess.

There is also a burning problem of young graduates with diplomas that are looking for jobs. It takes up to two years to find professional employment for a large part of graduates. The main cause of this situation resides in the imbalance of the job market, the absence of coordinating mechanisms between educational and professional establishments and job market, and drawbacks during formulation of state demand. This situation has led to the fact that the system of employment for graduates of law, economic and commerce departments has become complicated over the past years. Current job market is in demand of engineers and workers. Yet, the supply of worker for these professions is lower than the demand.

The Minimum Wage Fixing Convention №131 of the International Labour Organization was ratified by Ukraine with a limitation that allows fixing a minimum wages without taking into account international standards and without any technical and economical justification.

Paying wages lower than the cost of living to the citizens of Ukraine constitutes a grave violation of their rights. Low wages is also one of the main causes of poverty in Ukraine, which violates the Article 48 of the Constitution of Ukraine that states that everyone along with the members of his family has a right to enjoy a satisfactory standard of life, which includes sufficient supply of food, clothing and housing.

Violation of the right to receive regular remuneration also remains one of the burning problems. The law states that wages should be paid to workers regularly, during the term established by collective agreement but not less than twice a month. Unfortunately, this legal norm is not always complied with.

The main concern is caused by employers’ (heads of private enterprises) compliance with work legislation. They often ignore it. The owners make their employees work from 12 to 16 hours a day paying them wages often lower than the legally-established minimum cost of living, or not paying at all.

Work without signing work contracts stipulated by the legislation deprives employees of any guarantees regarding level of wages, norms of safety at work and protection against illegal dismissing. A person turns into a slave without any rights, who can be discharged at any time without any reimbursement. Yet, due to poverty low economic conditions and lack of legal education people agree to such de facto illegal work in the fields of building, trade, services, agriculture and others. Because there is no work contract, the government cannot effectively control the fulfillment of the right to work and workers are deprived of the right to social protection and pension.

One of the negative features in the sphere of remuneration is the shading of wages, which is illegal payment in “envelopes.” Paying wages in envelopes employers leave their employees without proper protection in case of loss of ability to work and subject them to receiving low pensions in future.

Facts of theft and unauthorized use of financial resources are also wide-spread. There are cases when a company having profit does not pay wages to its workers or pays limited wages with delays.

There are facts of violation of human right to proper, safe and healthy working conditions at some production enterprises. According to monitoring by the Ukrainian State Committee of Statistics, 26% of workers in general and 37% of those working in production enterprises find their working conditions dangerous.

According to the Ukrainian Institute of Social Research, there is illegal child labour with violations of legal norms of work in Ukraine. Results of monitoring by the International Labour Organization carried out in 2006 demonstrate that child labour is wide-spread in agriculture, trade in the streets, unofficial mining industry, bars and night clubs, sex industry and other illegal activities.

On the basis of the above-mentioned facts, we can conclude that fulfillment of right to work in Ukraine is unsatisfactory.

We can state that millions of Ukrainian citizens do not possess real possibility to fully enjoy their right to work. The level of unemployment remains high. The unemployment of women and young people causes many problems. Because of low wages (often lower than the cost of living) and arrears of wages, people are forced to look for jobs abroad. In these conditions the state should take active measures to overcome problems in the sphere of compliance with the right to work.

 

Recommendations:

- state policy in the sphere of the right to work should be put in compliance with the Ukrainian legislation and international human rights treaties;

- Ukraine should ratify the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention №131 of the International Labour Organization on establishing a minimum salary with no conditions;

- Ukraine should take measures to gradually liquidating unemployment through creating new work places in traditional fields like agriculture, transport and services;

- the Ukrainian government should speed up the process of remunerating arrears of wages;

- Ukraine should strengthen the government control on fulfillment of the work legislation in private and state enterprises, to its full extent exercise administrative and criminal punishment of those heads of enterprises who violate workers’ constitutional right to receive full and timely wages, and maintain safe working conditions;

- the Ukrainian government should develop programs for those wishing to change professional qualification, promote employment of women and young people and create mechanisms to control and realize these programs.

- in order to secure employment opportunities for young people, the government along with enterprises and educational establishments should develop mechanisms for monitoring the job market and establishing demand for qualified workers, maintaining cooperation of educational facilities and job market, and improving formulation and placement of state demand;

- the government should fix a minimum amount of unemployment, financial assistance in line with cost of living;

- the government should liquidate the so-called shadow employment;

- the government should raise safety standards in production enterprises, mainly mining, building, metallurgic and transport industries;

- the government should renew the dialogue between employers and employees through raising the status of trade unions;

- the government should urgently adopt legislation in order to protect workers of bankrupt enterprises and their right to receive remuneration;

- the government should strengthen legal education in the field of right to work among the population by means of mass media .

 

2. Right to Housing

 

The Article 31 of the European Social Charter provides a more detailed list of measures to be taken by respective governments in order to promote right to housing. They are:

• to promote access to housing of an adequate standard;

• to reduce homelessness and secure right to housing of low-income groups;

• to limit forced expulsion from accommodation;

• to ensure equal access to social housing and other housing benefits for migrants;
• to build houses and promote benefits connected with needs of families.

The Charter also particularly underlines that right to housing is to be promoted indiscriminately.

The above-mentioned measures point out that the government should develop a transparent strategy in the sphere of housing which would specify goals, priorities and respective means of financing. This strategy should be based on strong pillars of the national legislation.

Housing is one of the main material living conditions for people. The need for accommodation emerges at birth, remains during the whole life and terminates after death. Therefore, satisfying a person’s right to housing is very important social responsibility. Securing housing for citizens of a respective country is one of the most specific indicators of well-being of the whole population.

The Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR, adopted on June 30, 1983, along with “The Regulations of Registration of Citizens who Require Improvement of Housing Conditions and Providing Housing in the Ukrainian SSR” which dates back to December 11, 1984, can no longer fully satisfy realization of right to housing in Ukraine.

Housing is probably the only branch of Ukrainian legislation that has not undergone serious changes and improvements that would regulate housing legal relations according to new principles of market economy. Development and adoption of the new housing legislation is currently one of the most urgent questions, because housing remains one of the most serious social problems.

For example, according to the United Nations standards, housing should constitute 30 sq m per person.

In Ukraine a right to housing is considered to be ensured only then when the citizen of Ukraine has habitation which meets set standards and suitable for a residence. The Article 47 of the Housing Code of Ukraine sets the norm of the residential area in size of 13,65 sq m per person. Moreover, according to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine №219 dated March 19, 2008 “On the Establishment of Temporal Minimum Norms of Providing Social Housing” such temporal minimum norms of providing social housing were declared:

 in social hostels for the residence of families and single citizens in size of 6 sq m of residential area per person;

 in apartments, farmsteads from the housing fund of the social purpose in size of 22 sq m of general residential area per family consisting of two members and additionally 9,3 sq m of general residential area per every next family member.

In average, there are 22,6 sq m of residential area per inhabitant of Ukraine. Just for comparison: in Hungary an index of the real providing with the residential area per a person is 39 sq m, in Germany – 47 sq m, in the USA – 60 sq m.

In the absence of such a living-place but in the presence of need for social defense a citizen is acknowledged to be the one who needs the improvement of accommodation and according to the current legislation can apply on the receipt of the proper habitation which is given by the state or the institutions of self-government gratis with the right of leasing, or on providing himself and the family by habitation for his own means for an accessible rent.

The lack of proper habitation is still a burning social problem. Deplorable economic conditions, difficulties in the state financing of housing do not favour providing citizens with accommodation who have the top priority right for its receipt at the expenses of the state.

Low incomes of the population, high interests on housing credits at the current level of prices make it impossible to solve housing problems by the majority of the citizens of Ukraine.

In Ukraine more then 1,3 million families queue up for habitation, a lot more are in need for its improvement, in fact, practically the third of the population lives in unsatisfactory conditions. 116 thousands of apartments in Ukraine are communal, where a few families live, 4 sq m habitation is ascribed to the category of old and the one under the threat of collapse, almost 15 millions sq m habitation is in the 5-storied multisectional house buildings of the first generation which were constructed in the 60-70-s and which are destined to reconstruction.

Annually only 20 thousands of the ones who queue up for habitation get accommodation, or 1,8 % of the total amount. It means that in average the rest have to wait for getting habitation for almost 60-70 years!

Only 8–10% of Ukrainian families were capable of meeting engagements of mortgage credits which were given by commercial banks before the economic crisis broke out in 2008. Nowadays the mortgage crediting is stopped by banks. Nearly 40 thousands of Ukrainians who invested money in building of habitation by construction companies did not get it in time and it is unknown when they are to get it, thus due to the economic crisis building is almost stopped in the country.

It is necessary to stress upon the declarative effect of the proclaimed constitutional right to habitation for citizens because the state has not created the effective mechanism of housing of the socially unprotected layers of population in particular up to now.

There is no direct state strategy and effective inspection system of the implementation of the government programs as for housing of definite layers of population - servicemen, reduced or retired, the ranks and service commanders of law machinery, the victims of the Chernobyl disaster, the deported etc – those who enjoy proper privileges according to the current legislation.

At the end of December, 2004 the State Mortgage Institution (SMI) was created in the status of a state company by the decision of the government. This institution was to tackle the task to reduce in price the bank mortgage credits by refunding banks and thus to make these credits more accessible to the wide sections of the population. But the real activity of this organization is ill-efficient. According to the approximate calculations taking into account facilities, which are operated by SMI, nearly 4-5 thousands of families may solve housing problems annually by its help. If compared with the amount of the ones who queue up for housing it is just the drop in the ocean. What is more, mass media repeatedly divulge the facts of the improper use of state funds by this institution.

Nowadays a degree of providing young people with habitation in Ukraine is very low: only 33% of young families live in separate apartments (for all families this index is 56,3%), 11% live in communal apartments, 14% hire an apartment, 10% live in hostels, 1% – in maladjusted premises. In general, about 31% of young families are not provided with accommodation.

In Ukraine about 800 thousands of young families out of 2,5 millions are in need for the improvement of accommodation. At the same time these families give birth to 80% of children. That is why working out housing problems of young families is one of main ways of solving demographic issues.

A main acting institution on the youth crediting is the State Fund of Assistance to Youth Housing Construction. But efficiency of its activity is also extremely low. Firstly, to get a credit on habitation through the Fund is almost impossible as the requirements to the applicants on the credit are extremely complicated that in turn generates corruptibility of officials who determine the order of the receipt of credits. Secondly, the Fund faces difficult financial situation and detains compensative payments to commercial banks.

In general, the situation with the mortgage crediting in the country is not inspiring. In the highly developed countries the volume of the mortgage crediting is about 40–75% of gross domestic product (GDP), in developing countries — about 20% of GDP and in Ukraine this index hardly achieves 2%. There are lots of reasons for such slow development of the national mortgage - from inconsistency of legislation to the low level of life in the country.

The rise in prices on habitation becomes uncontrolled. It is considered that a salary of a person should equal the cost of 1 sq m residential area or 12 sq m per year. In 2000-2002 a middle Kievan family was able to purchase 8-8,5 sq m habitation out of the annual income. In 2006 the purchasing power of annual incomes went down to 4,3 sq m, and in the middle of 2007 – to 3,8 sq m of the real estate. And it is without taking into account charges on food, clothes, education and medical support. Taking it into consideration, an average Kievan family whose incomes are considerably higher from the regional level can build not more than 1 sq m habitation for a year, that is an average apartment will take 40-60 years.

People with limited possibilities have specific requirements for habitation. The policy of discharging these people from medical establishments and involving them into the society more and more require available and safe accommodation at reasonable price. Many more these people live in terrible conditions which do not allow them to enjoy their life to the full and form the personality.

The access to proper accommodation, however, is not only a problem for minorities and the most vulnerable groups. The absence of stability at the real estate market can have deep consequences even for wide sections of the population. The changes at the real estate market may have negative consequences especially for people with low profits, and the programs of town-planning are sometimes imposed without the proper regard to the inhabitants of districts of such a building.

A decline in the volumes of building of social habitation also forces a lot of people with low profits to hire expensive accommodation or to take mortgage credits with high interests. In such a case, profits which are left after charges on habitation can be insufficient to cover other vital necessities. For an example, according to the data of the State Committee of Statistics an average salary in Kyiv in September, 2008 made 3181 UAH, and average cost of leasing of a 1-3 room apartment equaled 855 dollars (4463,1 UAH) per month (data for September-October).

Improper living conditions violate enjoying the right to education, medical support and employment. It can result in the chain of deprivations and misfortunes, reinforcing the exclusion of a person and his family in the social sphere.

Taking into account the degree of social inequality which has multiplied once or twice for these years, it is possible to draw conclusion that the situation with habitation in Ukraine has aggravated and the state does not provide effective access to accommodation for 10 - 40 % of Ukrainians.

Recommendations:

1. To reform the housing legislation of Ukraine and to adopt a new Housing Code of Ukraine;

2. To intensify the provision of housing of the socially unprotected layers of the population;

3. To increase efficiency of the State Fund of Assistance to Youth Housing Construction, to ensure its appropriate financing;

4. To intensify the inspection of funds distribution through the State Mortgage Institution and the State Fund of Assistance to Youth Housing Construction. To take specific steps as for the prevention of homelessness, prohibition of the arbitrary and forced expulsion, providing the minimum standard of living;

5. To ensure the increase of the volumes of building of social habitation;

6. To improve the system of mortgage crediting. To arrange the lowering of credit interests on housing (up to 2 – 6 %), to increase the terms of crediting to 10 – 30 years, to diminish the rate of pledge;

7. To establish the state inspection of the price fixing at the market of social housing;

8. To investigate all the cases of the violating of obligations by construction companies. To strengthen the criminal liability for knavery and conscious exposures in this sphere.

9. To provide the transparency of the procedure of the allocation of land for building, to eradicate the abuse of power and corruptibility when executing the documentation.

 

Right to Professional Training and Education

 

The education and professional training in Ukraine mainly remains the archaic branch with non-commercial economic relations. Educational establishments are not financed according to the needs and the norms of outlays for the teaching of one student, but according to the budget principle – “how much money is available”.

State institutions – education administration govern exclusively school education. Education associations and public councils are only allowed to imitate the elements of the educational self-government; they do not have an access to financial resources of the region, city and settlement.

For the most part, a headmaster, a supervisor of the district, regional education are not education managers. School, as earlier, does not possess real autonomy. The annual budget of any school is formed and ratified without its participation. As the school budget does not envisage the financing of the range of school expenses, school definitely provokes itself to work in the black economy and illegal attraction of funds.

Meanwhile, parents who have decided to register their child into the private school find themselves in a strange situation because they pay for their children’s education twice: for the first time – through the tax system for the maintenance of state schools which are financed from the state budget and which are not attended by their children, and for the second time – directly in the private school.

The analysis of laws and by-laws on the education makes an ambiguous impression. Numerous references to the future decrees of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as well as the norms of annual laws of Ukraine “On the State Budget” in the laws on the education give motives not only for the ill-limited or insufficient fulfillment but for their revision.

The experts consider the following problems concerning the legislation on the education to be the first and foremost:

At first, the thesis of the Article 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine — the “state provides availability of education and grants it gratis” which in the laws of Ukraine “On Education” and “On Secondary Education” transforms into “citizens of Ukraine have the right to availability of education and get it gratis”. And in the “Statute On General Educational Establishment”, ratified by a Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, it is stated that the “main task of a general educational establishment is to provide the realization of the right to universal secondary education for citizens’. However, according to the Decree of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine dated March 4, 2004 in regard to the official interpretation of the thesis of the Article 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine the charges on the educational process supplying must be carried out “on normative basis due to facilities of proper budgets in full”.

Secondly, the Article 61 of the law “On Education” points out that the “state provides budgetary appropriations on education in size of not less than 10% of the national income”. Unfortunately, nowadays this number is not more than 5-7%.

Thirdly, the Article 57 of the law “On Education” sets the row of state guarantees for pedagogues including “establishment of additional charges to the specialists who work in the sphere of education to the level of the average salary in the national economy” and “establishment of average wage rates to the pedagogues of educational establishments at the level not less then the middle salary in the industry”.

Besides, the Article 12 and 14 of the law “On Education” declares that “the Ministry of Education of Ukraine determines the minimum norms of logistic, financial support for educational establishments, and “local executive agencies determine volumes of the budgetary financing of educational establishments not lower than minimum norms fixed by the Ministry of Education”.

As every registered establishment, a fortiori budgetary, a school works according to the annual estimate of monthly profits and expenses. In theory such an estimate, on the one hand, should take into account absolutely all the expenses of a school and, on the other hand, it should profit to cover these charges. So-called proficit occurs when a profitable part is larger than expenses, however, when profits happen to be less than charges they have a deficit of the budget. And all these things are common economic truth. As the state cannot ratify a deficit budget for each of 22,5 thousands of schools in Ukraine, in practice only definite items, so-called protected, enter as expenditures – salary, state funds deductions and (recently).municipal services. There is a blank space against other items of expenses of the general fund as a school does not have them

According to the data of UNESCO, promulgated in the lecture "Education for Everyone to 2015" in November, 2007, there are about 300 thousands children of junior school age who do not have an access to education in Ukraine. It is unknown for what period of time these data were gathered, although most information in the report is for 2005. However, the Secretariat of the President denied this information and promulgated other data. Yet, according to the information of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the State Committee of Statistics on September 1, 2006 the amount of children in the age of 6-18 years who do not get general secondary education constitute 46.395 and 11.925 children out of this amount do not attend educational establishments due to their state of health, 13.999 – from other reasons. It seems that the data given by authorities are essentially underestimated or in the report done by UNESCO it is said not about the school attendance but about the qualitative involvement in the educational process.

Vocational Education

Vocational education in Ukraine is not in its best state. For the last 15 years almost 300 state vocational educational establishments were reduced. The amount of students has decreased for this period of time substantially: from 647 thousands in 1992 to 450 thousands in 2006. Such situation is explained by the total ignoring of problems of the sphere by state structures.

A need for modernization of the Ukrainian system of vocational education is obvious.

. An educational base in the majority of vocational educational establishments is in the extremely unsatisfactory state. For the last 15 years the process of restoration of main funds was not almost carried out, except for computerization. The building of vocational educational establishments has halted. Equipment and educational outfits is outdated for 80% or just packed up. It is useless effort to make educational establishments solve these problems by their own means and delaying with the decision can result in the complete destruction of the system of vocational education.

One more problem is providing educational establishments with didactic materials. For the last 10 years methodical literature was not published for vocational educational establishments at all. Rates and volumes of edition of training appliances do not meet the demands. For example, in 2004 only 14 titles of textbooks were published for vocational educational establishments, in 2005 and 2006 – 19 titles each year. Nowadays general provision of vocational educational establishments with textbooks in technical and special subjects makes about 70 %. And the provision with textbooks in machinery construction, metal working, instrument making, mining industry, transport and communication does not exceed 30 %.

The crucial factor, which negatively influences the state of providing students of vocational educational establishments with modern educational literature, is financing. In 2006 general budgetary charges on edition of textbooks and manuals for educational establishments of all the system of education made about 119 million UAH thus on the edition of textbooks for vocational schools 3.836 thousands of UAH were spent, that is only 3,2% of the total sum. In 2007 3,4 million UAH out of 120 million UAH was allocated to vocational educational establishments (2,8 %).

It is obvious that such situation cannot but affect the qualification of the graduates of vocational schools. The surveys of contemporary scientists evidence that two out of three employers consider that the level of training of skilled workers in state vocational schools is low and does not meet the production requirements.

In addition, there is no mechanism of interaction between vocational training and today’s labour market. The majority of students of vocational schools master the professions of the services sector, while there is a need in production qualifications, namely a turner, a milling machine operator, a tool dresser, a molder, etc. Moreover, according to the State Employment Service, currently, the vocational schools prepare fewer skilled workers per 10,000 population by 3.5 times compared with higher educational institutions, while the labour market is interested in blue-collar workers by 80% and in specialists with the diplomas of higher educational institutions of I-II and III-IV levels of accreditation.

Another problem is the lack of prestige value of education in vocational schools. On the one hand, it is largely due to the low level of professional labour motivation, the attitude of the society to a blue-collar job, its authority in the state. On the other hand, the state has a stable stereotype that a vocational school student is a person underdeveloped morally and mentally, a softie.

Higher education

During the last 10 year the number of state higher educational institutions reduced by 200, however, there appeared more than 100 private educational establishments. The number of students has grown by six times without adequate increase of teaching staff. Up to 30% of universities do not perform research activities during the teaching process, which entails retransmission of outdated knowledge.

Henceforth, there is a problem of the necessity of matching the amount of scholarship and the cost of living (25 – 30%). The effective law establishes only the minimum level allowing the increase in scholarships according to the by-laws. In addition, the current Law “On Higher Education” contains a clause that states that the resolutions of students’ self-administrations are of deliberative character; consequently this provision almost abrogates the very notion of students’ self-administration.

It should also be noted that the current regulatory base that regulates in Ukraine the issues of settlement, dispossession and accommodation of students in hostels is outdated and does not meet the challenges of our time, since nowadays a young person doesn’t imagine his/her education without computers and the Internet. The Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR “On Approval of Model Regulations on Hostels” No. 208, dated 3 June 1986 and “Sanitary norms of arrangement, equipment and maintenance of hostels for working people, students and pupils” approved by the Chief state sanitary doctor of the USSR No. 4719, dated 1 November 1988 are still in effect today.

Outdated material and technical base of hostels that very often does not meet elementary sanitary norms is the today’s reality. WC-and-bathroom units leave much to be desired, stoves and bathroom fixtures are broken, heating problems… This list may go on and on. Annual cosmetic repair is usually performed at the cost of students. This causes numerous abusive acts of administration. Moreover, lack of rooms in students’ hostels is a really a very big problem, which often gives rise to corruption. In practice, to make the rooms available for “the right people”, the hostel inhabitants find themselves under the pressure of administration, since a couple of official reprimands serve as grounds for eviction from the hostel. Sometimes manipulations with vacant rooms and collection of money for repair are accompanied by threats, intimidation, etc. Non-resident students, appreciating a cheap room in the hostel, have to tolerate even the violation of the human rights, personal dignity and honour".¹

According to statistics, there are 88,000 children in Ukraine that require correction, more specifically good education, full rehabilitation, speech therapist assistance, etc. It should also be noted that nearly 14,800 children with special needs are not involved in any program. Moreover, approximately 31,000 children stay in 239 Ukrainian boarding schools. In the system of social protection there are 56 children's homes, which host 8,000 children. And if to compare the education of a child in the comprehensive school and in the specialized institution (children's home, boarding schools, etc), such child doesn’t get proper education and care and doesn’t have contacts with external environment.

Also, exercise of the right to education by national minorities remains a serious matter. According to Article 4 of the UN Declaration “On the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities”, dated 18 December 1992, “States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities may have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue”.

According to the latest population census of 2001, representatives of more than 130 nationalities live in Ukraine, 18 languages are actively used and 13 out of them are protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, namely: Romanian, Hungarian, Russian, etc. For 32.5% of the population (approximately 15,000,000 citizens) Ukrainian is not a native language.

Rash measures of some state authorities also give rise to conflicts in the sphere of education.

Thus, on 25 December 2007 the Ministry of Education of Ukraine issued Order No. 1171 on external testing of those wishing to enter higher educational institutions (graduates of comprehensive schools) in 2008; herein, such testing was to be held exclusively in Ukrainian (however, within a two-year period). Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that currently in Ukraine there are approximately 1,500 schools with teaching in other languages than the official state language and correspondingly about 500,000 pupils taught in minority languages.

Such decision of the Ministry causes the increase of social exclusion in the society for the account of young people and children belonging to linguistic minorities.

 

Recommendations

1. To introduce educational system financing at the level of 10% of the national income according to the Law of Ukraine “On Education”;

2. To ensure full primary education for all citizens of Ukraine;

3. To develop the program of effective self-governance of educational institutions;

4. To introduce the village school support program and to level the material and scientific support of village schools with that of the city schools;

5. To elaborate the plan of development of educational establishments for persons with special needs;

6. To ensure access of public and officials of private educational institutions to the system of management of education;

7. To develop the program of technical re-equipment of educational establishments;

8. To establish the council of directors of educational establishments, relevant ministries and employers for the adjustment of teaching processes and knowledge transferred to meet the needs of the domestic economy and labor market;

9. To ensure the fulfillment of antidiscrimination provisions of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine related to language regulation in the educational sphere.

 

1 The right to participation in cultural life of the society as an element of prevention of social exclusion (right to culture)

 

In the UNESCO Declaration adopted in Mexico in 1982 the notion “culture” is determined as a whole complex of “distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group”. In this sense the culture includes not only arts and literature but also ways of life of people, fundamental rights of a person, system of values, traditions and beliefs”. Considering social exclusion as one of the most negative factors of contemporary society, the European Social Charter states that it is possible to overcome it through access to fundamental social rights – training, education, culture, etc – and overcoming of social and cultural obstacles to these rights.

In our opinion four main risk groups have the biggest chances to find themselves in the state of social exclusion in case the access to culture is not ensured. These are national minorities, women, disabled persons and disadvantaged population.

1. The national minorities have traditionally been less protected on the territory of the state where they are not a title ethnos; consequently they become the object of oppression from its part. Unfortunately, currently, the violations of law in the sphere of human rights regarding language regulation are quite common in Ukraine. Some resolutions of state authorities contradict the standards and practice of human rights.

Since the time Ukraine gained its independence the number of problems in the language sphere has grown and the very issue remains politically loaded and taken out of the specialized discussion in the society. There are no real prospects or acts of the state authorities as to its solution. As a matter of fact, non-state languages are excluded from the sphere of legal proceedings, television and radio, work of state authorities, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine adopted the program of transfer of the network of national schools (currently amounting to 1,500 schools, 500,000 pupils) to teaching in the Ukrainian language. Language minorities in Ukraine are currently at the edge of social exclusion. In this regard, paradoxically enough but the Ukrainian speaking communities may also be referred as language minorities in some regions of Ukraine. Such state of affairs should be the object of work for the state in terms of support and development of the state language. At the same time such work should be performed through voluntary encouragement and not through extrusion of regional or minority languages of Ukraine from various spheres of social life.

2. Another vulnerable group is women. Thus, according to 2007 data, the level of average monthly salary of women made up only 70% of the average monthly salary of men. Disproportion of the level of employment between men and women is also obvious. Economic inequality between men and women results in fewer possibilities for women to enjoy cultural values because of their worse financial solvency compared with men.

According to the Global gender equality rating of the International Economic Forum, in 2007 Ukraine sank from the 48^th to the 57^th position compared with 2006, lagging behind Lesotho, Namibia and Tanzania, as well as a number of countries of Middle Asia. The equality rating was based on four criteria: economic participation and opportunities, educational level, political powers, health and length of life. Ukraine ranks the 26^th as to economic criterion, 73^rd — as to the access to education, 74^th — as to the health criterion and the 109^th — as to representation in the authorities. Women make up 54% of the population; however, they traditionally remain the main object of violation in the society. Nearly 13% women become the victims or various forms of violation as early as in their adolescence.

However, irrespective of these facts, women are still more engaged in the cultural sphere than men, which is, generally, a traditional characteristic of the European society and directly connected with the fact that today they are, nevertheless, more equal with men than, say, 100 years ago. A negative fact is that approximately 50% of aggregate women’s labor force in the national economy of Ukraine is engaged in hard physical labor related to development of motor roads, railways, metro. This restricts their social right to health protection and generally affects them.²

3. Disadvantaged population. The main social indicator, which serves the basis for determining the poverty line and the minimum salary, is the minimum subsistence level established by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 656, dated 14 April 2000. This Resolution doesn't take into account a personal income tax each citizen pays and understates a number of vital human needs. So, instead of medical norm of 80 kg of meat a year the minimum subsistence level provides for only 52 kg. A woman should be sufficient with one skirt and three blouses for a period of 5 years and a man should be provided with one suit and one set of winter clothes for the same period of time. It is almost impossible to survive for this minimum subsistence level. According to the report of the State Statistics Committee “Social insurance of the population of Ukraine, according to the materials of selective survey”, almost half of respondents (45.0%) consider themselves as disadvantaged citizens, 18.9% — poverty-stricken individuals, 22.5% — partly protected, 11.8% — could not answer the question and only 1.8% feel socially protected in full. This information is valid as of March 2006.

According to the European Social Charter the minimum salary should be no less than 2.5 minimum living wages, while the minimum salary in 2007 was 81% of the minimum living wage (starting from 1 October 2008 the minimum living wage amounts to UAH 498 or approximately EUR 70; according to the Charter it should total UAH 1245 or approximately EUR 175-180. The average salary should match up with the minimum salary as 1:3 ratio, i.e. total UAH 3,735 or approximately EUR 533. In fact, in 2007 the salary corresponds to 70% of the salary of 1990.

The candidates for social exclusion are also disabled persons (4). The number of disabled persons in Ukraine amounts to 15.6% of the population of Ukraine, i.e. 2,670,000 persons, out of whom 390,000 persons are employed. They are under higher risk of social exclusion not only because of their economic vulnerability but also because of their restricted mobility caused by diseases, which results in social exclusion and limitation of their circle of contacts. All these result in the development of negative, escapist tendencies in the personal and psychological sphere. In this regard, the cultural institutions in which people with sight or hearing problems could be introduced to the international culture through the means of information uptake available for them (sign-interpretation for deaf people, Braille alphabet) are practically absent.

 

Recommendations

1. The state policy in the sphere of language regulation should be brought into line with the legislation of Ukraine and international obligations in the sphere of human rights and carried out in active cooperation with the representatives with language and national minorities and public organizations.

2. To develop and implement on the state level the complex of measures to level the income of men and women in Ukraine.

3. To develop and introduce changes to the national legislation regarding strengthening the responsibility for violation in families.

4. To facilitate removal of women from traditionally men’s professions, which require hard physical labor.

5. To create a special program on introducing disabled people to the cultural heritage of the society.

6. To bring the minimum salary into line with the requirements of the European Social Charter, i.e. 2.5 minimum living wages.

7. To ensure the possibility of free movement along the streets and in the state institutions, educational and cultural establishments for the people with limited mobility (on wheelchairs) due to construction of convenient access tracks, installation of entrance ramps.

8. To bring the minimum living wage into line with real social standards.

 

2. Right to social and medical assistance

During 17 years all branches of our state changed, except for medical sphere. The model created during the time of the former Soviet Union still exists.

Medicine today requires deep structural changes. Currently, in Ukraine there are 13 health departments of various subordination; this causes fragmentation of budget funds and excessive (47% of the entire budget of the branch) expenses for their maintenance. As a matter of fact, there is no single medical policy.

As to the financing of medicine one can state that starting from 2005 it grows annually by 30%. At the same time, growing funding, in itself, does not resolve the problem, which lies in the fact that today's medicine is the least reformed branch in the country. For example, during the last 6 years the expenses for health protection grew by more than 4 times; however the consumption of drugs grew by 3 times and the mortality in absolute figures — by 2%.

The main sources of financing of the Ukrainian medicine are the state and local budgets. This being said, 80% of funds are allocated directly from local budgets

Starting from 2001 budget financing of medicine grew from UAH 5,400,000,000 to 21,100,000,000 in 2007 (however, according to expert estimates, medical sphere of Ukraine needs at least UAH 40,000,000,000 annually). At the same time the number of doctors per 10,000 per. population remains unchanged — approximately 50 persons.

According to the information of the Ministry of Health nearly 70% of all budget funds allocated for the medical brunch, is used for salary of doctors, 6% — for purchasing medical equipment and 11% — for medicines.

In its materials dedicated to medicine in Ukraine, the European Health Observatory states that if to take into account all unofficial payments of citizens, the population covers 50% of all expenses meant for health protection.

At the same time primary health care, for example, receives only 5% of the branch funding. So, there appears a situation of the existence of underdeveloped network of primary health care in the environment of pared budget. According to expert estimates, approximately 60% deaths in rural area could be prevented provided that efficient medicine was available.

There is one more sphere of health protection that simply squeezes money from the citizens. This is pharmacy. Very often the representatives of various pharmaceutical companies bribe doctors to make them prescribe the patients certain, rather expensive medicine.

Thus, if in 2002 the population privately bought medicines for UAH 4,400,000,000, in 2007 this figure was UAH 12,000,000,000. Presently, in Ukraine there are 11,200,000 drugstores (2,670 of them are state-owned) and about 6,000 drugstore kiosks.

The laws that would pricelessly determine the rights of patients are not available at the moment. It is contradictory and inconsistent, which gives grounds for its non-fulfillment. In particular, such rights of patients as access to his/her medical information, choice or refusal of a doctor or a medical institution, refusal of medical intervention are not duly established by the law.

According to human rights organizations, the level of discrimination of patients living with HIV/AIDS, infection high risk groups, particularly injecting drug users and sex industry workers is still very high. This is attributed to the law-enforcement officers, workers of medical institutions and educational establishments. In this regard, the most frequently violated requirements established by the law include voluntary examination, non-disclosure of medical secrecy and confidentiality of patient’s medical information. The law-enforcement officers, threatening with criminal prosecution, demand examination for HIV, the information on positive results is disclosed and then known not only in medical institutions but also in kindergartens and schools is an infected person is a child. Also, there are cases of refusal in medical assistance or its limitation. Stigma and marginalization of people living with HIV/AIDS grows because of such attitudes.

The increase of cases related to violation of medical secrecy (confidentiality) regarding the people living with HIV/AIDS, as well as violation of the rights of these persons to receive information on their diagnosis proves to the above-mentioned.

The model legal act, which should be the basis of the national law on the rights of patients, should be Section 2 of the European Charter on patients’ rights “Fourteen patients’ rights”. The observance of these rights means to guarantee of the high level of health protection and ensure high quality of services provided by various national services of health protection.

Another post-soviet problem is actual absence of the system of doctors’ awareness of the rights of patients. The feeling of impossibility of being brought to responsibility for violation of patients’ rights and ignorance thereof give rise to the most reproachful phenomena in the sphere of medicine that considerably reduce the general level of medical services.

The existing mechanisms of financing reduce the efficiency of the health protection system. As a matter of fact, the state funds are allocated for compensation of expenses of existing medical institutions but not for the achievement of certain results in the system of health protection. The hospitals are not sufficiently encouraged to reduce the number of patients hospitalized as the financing is still based on the number of beds. This stimulates malpractice resulted in increasing the number of groundless hospitalizations. The period of a sick leave is one of the longest in Europe, approximately 14.4 days. The state and public medical institutions still have the status of budget units with very limited rights, management motivation and abilities to take decisions that would allow efficient use of resources. Allocation of budget funds is based on the list of approved items under the norms determined by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Though the financing is decentralized (80% of total funds are allocated at regional and local levels), the administration of medical institutions has no powers to deviate from strictly fixed budget items. The budgets are precisely posted to accounts and the volume of resources is fixed for each budget item separately and strictly regulated.

The amount allocated for one hospitalized person per day totals UAH 4.92 (including treatment and meals), even less money is allocated for one visit of the polyclinic — UAH 0.42.

According to the information of the Ministry of Health, currently almost 300 villages with the population from 500 to 1,000 people do not have any health care facility at all.

Also a big problem is the level of primary health care, which very neglected now. Almost all funds in the branch are spent for expensive in-patient treatment, while cheap primary health care is forgotten. Ukraine has 5.94 hospitals per 100,000 persons, which is more than in the EU by 3.2 times. Maintaining of such number of in-patient medical institutions restricts the financing of other purposes. The volume of specialized medical assistance exceeds the volume of primary health care, which turns upside down a standard pyramid of medical services. The doctors engaged in primary health care make up only 26% of all doctors, while in some European countries this share amounts to 50%. Ukraine has only 3,354 therapists and family doctors (while it requires 33,000 doctors), therefore to ensure daily medical services hospitals and outpatient department and ambulance cars are used. According to some data, nearly one third of hospital patients should have been treated in outpatient departments.

In Geneva in November 2007 the session of the UN Committee for economic, social and cultural rights considered the Fifth regular report of Ukraine on the measures aimed at the fulfillment of the Regulations of the International Treaty on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Having considered the report the UN Committee provided summarized recommendations to the government, namely:

"1. The Committee recommends the state party to speed up the actions aimed at improvement of quality and accessibility to the health protection system in the rural areas, ensuring sufficient financing and strengthening public and mobile medical services.

2. The Committee recommends the state party to continue its activity and to undertake urgent measures to improve accessibility and efficiency of prevention HIV for the entire population, as well as treatment, case and support of people living with HIV/AIDS, including those serving their term of imprisonment or kept in detention facilities, to fight discrimination of persons living with HIV/AIDS and risk groups, to ensure confidentiality of information regarding HIV-status of a person and accessibility of replacement therapy and other means of HIV prevention for drug-addicted individuals.

3. The Committee recommends the state party to take high priority measures to improve tuberculosis prevention activities and accessibility of specialized anti-tuberculosis treatment and medicines, especially in prisons, detention facilities and militia departments, as well as to reduce the term of examination of detained persons for tuberculosis.”

Consequently, most of the violations of human rights in the medical sphere are connected with the right of people to qualified medical services, both at the primary, secondary and third levels of medical care. Violations of the obligation and conditions of provision of medical information rank the second. Absence of reforms of methodologies, management, financing and structure of the medical branch in Ukraine is the main reason of violations of human rights that entail social exclusion.

 

Recommendations

1. 1. To reform the medical branch to switch from free to insurance medicine in which the main basis will be provision of medical services will be primary health care;

   2. To establish the level of financing of primary health care at 20% of all expenses for the health protection branch;

   3. To optimize the structure of medical institutions and to ensure the extension of primary health care institutions due to revision of the network of specialized medical institutions and to attain the number of doctors in this network at the level of 50% of the total number of medical workers engaged in the system of the Ministry of Health;

   4. To revise the structure of financing of health protection system to minimize administrative expenses and to increase the expenses for direct treatment of a patient;

   5. To revise the national rules of hospitalization of a patient with the purpose of reduction of the term of hospitalization of a patient;

   6. To develop the program of fulfillment of recommendations of the UN Committee for economic, social and cultural rights provided regarding the Fifth regular report of Ukraine on the measures aimed at the fulfillment of the Regulations of the International Treaty on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Outputs

Summing up the above-mentioned monitoring of the Ukraine’s implementation of Article 30 of the European Social Charter (revised) it is possible to mark that, social exclusion remains one of the most burning, potentially dangerous and least studied problems of the Ukrainian society.

Government research of the level of social exclusion is not conducted in Ukraine. There is neither methodology and criteria of estimating level of social exclusion nor a coordinated government policy aimed at fighting this negative socially dangerous phenomenon. The concept «social exclusion» is absent in the Ukrainian legislation.

The state does not take relevant measures to provide the individuals and their family members who live or may face the situation of social exclusion with efficient access to fundamental social rights - work, housing, professional training, education, culture, social and medical support which are a demand of Article 30 of the European Social Charter.

Such social groups as national and language and cultural minorities, youth, women, unemployed, disabled people and disadvantaged population are exposed to a high risk to get into the area of social exclusion from the society or have already got into it.

Main reasons of the high level of social exclusion in Ukraine is unproviding Ukrainians with effective access to the fundamental social rights - work, housing, professional training, education, culture, social and medical support which are a demand of Article 30 of the European Social Charter (ratified in Ukraine by the Act No. 137-V, dated September 14, 2006).

The Ukrainian state does not take relevant measures in overcoming the psychological and sociocultural obstacles in enjoying these rights; adequate resources are not allocated for this purpose; the opinion of the society and conclusions of international institutions are not taken into account at conducting the state policy.

According to the preliminary assessment, in the environment of absence of regular research and developed methodology of determining the level of social exclusion in our country about 50 – 83% of the population of Ukraine may be in the “zone” of social exclusion. Here in, from 3 to 30% of the population of Ukraine are not ensured with the access to the fundamental right to work; from 10 to 40% — to housing; from 30 to 40% — to proper education and professional training; from 32 to 83% — to culture, and no estimations for medical and social support.

In fact, without regard to the declarative fixing of the above-mentioned rights the state provides in an improper way, or does not provide at all, the possibility and terms of enjoying them.

Such phenomena are dangerous for modern Ukrainian society. As the experience of European states of 1920s - 1930s shows that the growing feeling of exclusion in the society may result in the spread of authoritarian and totalitarian political regimes, the cult of personality, leaderism.

The achieving of the best realization of the rights to work, housing, professional training, education, culture, social and medical support by individuals is the only effective method of struggle against social exclusion, and this research is the attempt to analyze the problems of citizens of Ukraine during the realization of these rights through the prism of the fight against social exclusion and to make recommendation to the Ukrainian authorities concerning the improvement of their work in this sphere and to provide the Council of Europe with the alternative information on the Ukraine’s implementation of separate regulations of the European Social Charter.

 

President of the Non-governmental Organization “Human Rights Organization “Common Goal”

Ruslan Bortnik

 

Authors: R. O. Bortnik, A. I. Shkliar, T. Bidniak, M. Semikoz, A. I. Koval’chuk,

I. M. Shushliebina, O. M. Vol’skiy, Alandaenko K.Y.